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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%">Hello fellow council members-<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%">Passing along this note about accessibility from DOE for your interest.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%">Thanks, Rebecca<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div id="mail-editor-reference-message-container">
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From:
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Science Public Outreach <SPOC@LISTSERV.GSA.GOV> on behalf of Shea, Shannon <000002a6f6988297-dmarc-request@LISTSERV.GSA.GOV><br>
<b>Date: </b>Wednesday, July 5, 2023 at 1:16 PM<br>
<b>To: </b>SPOC@LISTSERV.GSA.GOV <SPOC@LISTSERV.GSA.GOV><br>
<b>Subject: </b>[EXTERNAL] SPOC Best Practices: Introduction to Accessibility and Accessibility in Text Documents and Images<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%">
<a name="_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%"><img width="624" height="210" style="width:6.5in;height:2.1875in" id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image001.png@01D9AF42.1E4FF840" alt="SPOC: Best Practices Newsletter"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Summer is upon us!
</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">For our content this month, we’re revisiting accessibility. While much of this material ran in October 2018, we’ve added quite a bit more based on resources we’ve found
since then, including a section on making virtual events accessible. This week, we’ll be covering what accessibility is, why it’s so important, and how to make text and images accessible. Next week, we’ll cover making video, websites, and social media accessible.
The last week, we’ll look at virtual events and presentations. </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;line-height:150%;color:#333399">Best Practices: Introduction to Accessibility and Accessibility in Text Documents and Images
</span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">What is accessibility?</span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Accessibility makes it possible for people with disabilities to comprehend and use your communications products. Someone who is blind may not be able to see a photo on your
website, but a good alt-text caption can help them understand what the photo is and why you have it there. This extends to website functionality as well. Many of the features we take for granted on websites, like drop-down menus and forms, can be difficult
for people who rely on accessibility tools. The </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__section508.gov_manage_program-2Droadmap&d=DwMFAg&c=CJqEzB1piLOyyvZjb8YUQw&r=E94XJswMHgi5jiSeRgyExQUr6qhcKFB8kjUZ3IzvJB4&m=UyWhYK5e88e6R7OHgQc8KhxVjfNMz5xraFWZY-ce5NLvqB9J-k1AsB8C3J4sUNos&s=WqThxpdL2T-eUeQVsQvIncqXLisvuzNnIf2OdvFRzsQ&e="><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Revised
508 Standards Roadmap</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%"> provides a toolkit to understand the standards and how they apply to you.
</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Excellent accessible communications take people with a variety of disabilities into account, including those who are visually impaired, have difficulty hearing, are neurodivergent,
color blind, and those who have learning difficulties. To learn about the many different ways people with disabilities experience the Web, the
</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.w3.org_WAI_people-2Duse-2Dweb_&d=DwMFAg&c=CJqEzB1piLOyyvZjb8YUQw&r=E94XJswMHgi5jiSeRgyExQUr6qhcKFB8kjUZ3IzvJB4&m=UyWhYK5e88e6R7OHgQc8KhxVjfNMz5xraFWZY-ce5NLvqB9J-k1AsB8C3J4sUNos&s=vXDbSftW2IwEzcZ1Phqlrx-myTz3E6m3NqvsOim_2a0&e="><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Web
Accessibility Initiative has an excellent resource</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%"> that describes both personal experiences and commonly
used tools. </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Accessibility is different from general usability because usability is about making your communications as easy to use as possible for the vast majority of the audience.
Accessibility is specifically about making it usable at all for people with disabilities. While sometimes they overlap, they’re separate issues that designers need to consider.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Like usability, accessibility is best considered at the beginning of a communications project rather than at the end. Trying to integrate accessibility features at the end
of a project often results in a poor end product. The article </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__digital.gov_2015_10_16_why-2Dyour-2Duser-2Dexperience-2Dmust-2Dinclude-2Ddesign-2Dfor-2Daccessibility_&d=DwMFAg&c=CJqEzB1piLOyyvZjb8YUQw&r=E94XJswMHgi5jiSeRgyExQUr6qhcKFB8kjUZ3IzvJB4&m=UyWhYK5e88e6R7OHgQc8KhxVjfNMz5xraFWZY-ce5NLvqB9J-k1AsB8C3J4sUNos&s=7XvcAwJS5iDAW-PI2ZGS5XIrLMcDFqgxvB8MQJYWcsg&e="><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Why
Your User Experience Must Include Design for Accessibility</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%"> provides an overview about how you can think
about it holistically as you go.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Why accessibility?</span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">When we design our products to be accessible, it benefits everyone. According to the social model of disability, a disability is when a person’s needs and their environment
do not match. Making a product accessible to the disabled generally improves the end result. This is called the “curb-cut effect,” referencing the fact that when sidewalks have curb-cuts to be accessible to wheelchair users, it helps people using strollers
and bicycles as well. For example, many adaptations such as video transcripts can also help people who aren’t disabled, including those who have slow or unreliable internet connections and/or visitors who speak other languages. Check out
</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__digital.gov_resources_introduction-2Daccessibility_&d=DwMFAg&c=CJqEzB1piLOyyvZjb8YUQw&r=E94XJswMHgi5jiSeRgyExQUr6qhcKFB8kjUZ3IzvJB4&m=UyWhYK5e88e6R7OHgQc8KhxVjfNMz5xraFWZY-ce5NLvqB9J-k1AsB8C3J4sUNos&s=NE20ylj_YN_SNSErljKtb6L6yXzDOF_rzMoO8AsDhmg&e="><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Digital.gov’s
excellent introduction to accessibility</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%"> for more information. It also has some terrific general guidance
for developing content for people with cognitive, neurological, and learning disabilities, including anxiety, autism, and dyslexia.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Ensuring that communications are accessible to everyone is essential. Not being able to access information can be demoralizing and even debilitating. Nearly 20 percent of
Americans have some type of physical disability. About 15 to 20 percent of the population are neurodivergent, which includes autistic people, people with ADHD, people with dyslexia, and mental health issues. If we don’t make our communications accessible,
large portions of our audiences may not be able to benefit from them. Taking an accessibility-first approach can make our communications more inclusive.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Improving the accessibility of your communications products can also benefit your internal audiences. Employees who are disabled will feel more welcomed if they can use
both your external and internal communications. </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">In addition, Section 508 of federal regulations makes it legally required for federal websites and multimedia communications to be accessible. Federal and state agencies
who don’t abide by 508 requirements have had to </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.insidehighered.com_news_2022_11_23_uc-2Dberkeley-2Dagrees-2Dmake-2Donline-2Dcontent-2Daccessible&d=DwMFAg&c=CJqEzB1piLOyyvZjb8YUQw&r=E94XJswMHgi5jiSeRgyExQUr6qhcKFB8kjUZ3IzvJB4&m=UyWhYK5e88e6R7OHgQc8KhxVjfNMz5xraFWZY-ce5NLvqB9J-k1AsB8C3J4sUNos&s=U2jBQaldHCMcVa6Yu4-NzWwN6FXUfbd_pi-iIFk_2Bw&e="><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">settle
lawsuits</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%"> and vastly
</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__dac.berkeley.edu_home&d=DwMFAg&c=CJqEzB1piLOyyvZjb8YUQw&r=E94XJswMHgi5jiSeRgyExQUr6qhcKFB8kjUZ3IzvJB4&m=UyWhYK5e88e6R7OHgQc8KhxVjfNMz5xraFWZY-ce5NLvqB9J-k1AsB8C3J4sUNos&s=i5d-ta1lozSQmotfrvdhgq7570vgM8sSFqGLhxF7pK4&e="><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">improve
their accessibility</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">. The U.S. Access Board updated its standards in 2018, so it’s worth looking through
its </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__section508.gov_manage_laws-2Dand-2Dpolicies&d=DwMFAg&c=CJqEzB1piLOyyvZjb8YUQw&r=E94XJswMHgi5jiSeRgyExQUr6qhcKFB8kjUZ3IzvJB4&m=UyWhYK5e88e6R7OHgQc8KhxVjfNMz5xraFWZY-ce5NLvqB9J-k1AsB8C3J4sUNos&s=qR_6dHGox0ENkT4I6IXBxDfoOE90DCrPQ3oPN1vyy6k&e="><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Final
Standards and Guidelines</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">.
</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">The article
</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__digital.gov_2017_05_09_benefits-2Dof-2Daccessible-2Ddesign_&d=DwMFAg&c=CJqEzB1piLOyyvZjb8YUQw&r=E94XJswMHgi5jiSeRgyExQUr6qhcKFB8kjUZ3IzvJB4&m=UyWhYK5e88e6R7OHgQc8KhxVjfNMz5xraFWZY-ce5NLvqB9J-k1AsB8C3J4sUNos&s=l4wzJyEqmjOirUOEsYS4USHA4EPL6Xx_6_W96ryQufg&e="><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Benefits
of Accessible Design</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%"> on Digital.gov has many more statistics on why being accessible is essential.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Making text documents and images accessible</span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">One of the least accessible aspects of science communication is often the text itself. Text written at too high of a reading level or that uses too many technical terms
will not be accessible to most people, especially those with dyslexia or intellectual disabilities. While the “ideal” reading level depends on your audience, remember that plain language is an important part of accessibility. In addition, breaking up the text
into smaller chunks rather than long paragraphs can also be helpful for people with reading disabilities.
</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Font and text spacing can also affect accessibility.
<a name="_Hlk139269094">For online reading, sans-serif fonts are often the best, as they are clear and legible at a variety of sizes. A
</a></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk139269094"></span></span><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__dl.acm.org_doi_10.1145_3502222&d=DwMFAg&c=CJqEzB1piLOyyvZjb8YUQw&r=E94XJswMHgi5jiSeRgyExQUr6qhcKFB8kjUZ3IzvJB4&m=UyWhYK5e88e6R7OHgQc8KhxVjfNMz5xraFWZY-ce5NLvqB9J-k1AsB8C3J4sUNos&s=loSPISCQ5Ka7UA6J76LB8nOsjriA3lnhHSvtOCxvlz0&e="><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk139269094"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">study</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk139269094"></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk139269094"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">
on reading experiences shows that depending on the font, reading speed can increase by up to 35 percent with no loss in comprehension. Penn State has
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk139269094"></span></span><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__accessibility.psu.edu_legibility_fontface_&d=DwMFAg&c=CJqEzB1piLOyyvZjb8YUQw&r=E94XJswMHgi5jiSeRgyExQUr6qhcKFB8kjUZ3IzvJB4&m=UyWhYK5e88e6R7OHgQc8KhxVjfNMz5xraFWZY-ce5NLvqB9J-k1AsB8C3J4sUNos&s=UUJGyr4wNIP4Ey05HaYmRIDzp6U06xB8iSUgsUGEtxM&e="><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk139269094"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">a
list of the best fonts</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk139269094"></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk139269094"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">
for readability. To emphasize a word, bold is easier to read than italics. Text spacing can also affect readability quite a bit. Line height should be 1.5 times the font size and spacing after paragraphs should be twice the font size. (I actually adjusted
the spacing of this newsletter after learning this!)</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk139269094"></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Images, tables, and charts embedded in documents can also make accessibility complex. In addition, Word documents and Acrobat PDFs often have features that aren’t accessible.
To solve this issue, the federal website Section508.gov has guides and checklists on how to make
</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.section508.gov_create_documents&d=DwMFAg&c=CJqEzB1piLOyyvZjb8YUQw&r=E94XJswMHgi5jiSeRgyExQUr6qhcKFB8kjUZ3IzvJB4&m=UyWhYK5e88e6R7OHgQc8KhxVjfNMz5xraFWZY-ce5NLvqB9J-k1AsB8C3J4sUNos&s=NYICpkzwPqyOjd7WWJyvMS3ddick4z2OBK2FHFG17Fk&e="><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Word
documents</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%"> and
</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.section508.gov_create_pdfs_authoring-2Dguides_&d=DwMFAg&c=CJqEzB1piLOyyvZjb8YUQw&r=E94XJswMHgi5jiSeRgyExQUr6qhcKFB8kjUZ3IzvJB4&m=UyWhYK5e88e6R7OHgQc8KhxVjfNMz5xraFWZY-ce5NLvqB9J-k1AsB8C3J4sUNos&s=6HVuVBQfj36N7BJD-yrwSId0211sByzF3-UeqO8uf4I&e="><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">PDFs</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">
accessible</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">. As much as possible,
</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.ccdaily.com_2022_12_the-2Dproblem-2Dwith-2Dpdfs-2Dits-2Dan-2Daccessibility-2Dthing_&d=DwMFAg&c=CJqEzB1piLOyyvZjb8YUQw&r=E94XJswMHgi5jiSeRgyExQUr6qhcKFB8kjUZ3IzvJB4&m=UyWhYK5e88e6R7OHgQc8KhxVjfNMz5xraFWZY-ce5NLvqB9J-k1AsB8C3J4sUNos&s=heQLiObaAZdVuK5RBPP1sWkHxLG0HBKQnHmoAbOEeNo&e="><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">minimize
the use of PDFs</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%"> in favor of providing information directly on a website. PDFs aren’t mobile friendly and,
unless they are formatted correctly, can cause major problems for people using screen readers.
</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">A challenge for making documents and websites accessible is writing good descriptions for images, otherwise known as alternative text. “Alt-text” can help people using screen
readers know what the images on the page are communicating. If images are not loading on a page, it also appears in place of the image. It is not the same as a caption.
</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">In general, it’s best for alt-text to be relatively simple and short. If there is any text in the image itself – like the time and date for an event – it should also be
in the alt-text. As much as possible, get a description of the photo or image from the person supplying you with the photo or image. Scientific equipment is often difficult to identify unless you are very familiar with it, so it’s good to have an accurate
description from experts. </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">For more information, the American Anthropological Association has excellent guidelines for
</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.americananthro.org_ImageDescriptions-3FnavItemNumber-3D25126&d=DwMFAg&c=CJqEzB1piLOyyvZjb8YUQw&r=E94XJswMHgi5jiSeRgyExQUr6qhcKFB8kjUZ3IzvJB4&m=UyWhYK5e88e6R7OHgQc8KhxVjfNMz5xraFWZY-ce5NLvqB9J-k1AsB8C3J4sUNos&s=vfTmUf-F9yUhHGib9p8N5uWT08zDV8NrMccIoJgbLDg&e="><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">creating
image descriptions and alt-text</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">. The
<span class="MsoHyperlink">Social Security Administration has a very </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.ssa.gov_accessibility_files_SSA-5FAlternative-5FText-5FGuide.pdf&d=DwMFAg&c=CJqEzB1piLOyyvZjb8YUQw&r=E94XJswMHgi5jiSeRgyExQUr6qhcKFB8kjUZ3IzvJB4&m=UyWhYK5e88e6R7OHgQc8KhxVjfNMz5xraFWZY-ce5NLvqB9J-k1AsB8C3J4sUNos&s=ogT3D6VGEDuUyQPBGMmrIV2BR2JK2lgmXU45HflgRE8&e="><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">comprehensive
(and long) guide to alt-text</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">, with guidance on everything from describing portraits to avoiding common
mistakes. Penn State’s Accessibility website has a great, succinct guide on </span>
</span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__accessibility.psu.edu_images_charts_&d=DwMFAg&c=CJqEzB1piLOyyvZjb8YUQw&r=E94XJswMHgi5jiSeRgyExQUr6qhcKFB8kjUZ3IzvJB4&m=UyWhYK5e88e6R7OHgQc8KhxVjfNMz5xraFWZY-ce5NLvqB9J-k1AsB8C3J4sUNos&s=A-vOt92ePTB__s533hWmgrSo_yXTe5DWXE_YjoVgnWI&e="><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">creating
alt-text for the graphs and charts</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%"> that we love so much in scientific communications.
</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Developing alt-text for images with people in them can be especially difficult, as it has issues of gender and race wrapped up in it. While there is no single right answer
on how to identify someone, be sure to thoughtfully consider it. As much as possible, try to follow the advice and perspectives of people from historically and currently marginalized groups. As described in the article,
</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.cs.cmu.edu_-7Ejbigham_pubs_pdfs_2021_description-2Drepresentations.pdf&d=DwMFAg&c=CJqEzB1piLOyyvZjb8YUQw&r=E94XJswMHgi5jiSeRgyExQUr6qhcKFB8kjUZ3IzvJB4&m=UyWhYK5e88e6R7OHgQc8KhxVjfNMz5xraFWZY-ce5NLvqB9J-k1AsB8C3J4sUNos&s=nbNpRnpqID0J236RVCL_QBhWG4g2Z34m7agpbEkll0I&e="><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">“It’s
Complicated”: Negotiating Accessibility and (Mis)Representation in Image Descriptions of Race, Gender, and Disability</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">,
it is particularly important to include information about people’s appearance when identity (such as race, gender or disability) is the topic of conversation, when it is needed to show representation in media, when people need it to read a room to know their
audience, and when people are seeking specific perspectives. It’s ideal if you have the ability to ask the person being portrayed how they would like to be described.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:.25in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><b><span style="font-size:24.0pt;line-height:150%;color:#333399">Job Opportunities</span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0in" type="disc">
<li class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top:.25in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto;line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3">
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.iau.org_static_announcements_pdf_ann23023a.pdf&d=DwMFAg&c=CJqEzB1piLOyyvZjb8YUQw&r=E94XJswMHgi5jiSeRgyExQUr6qhcKFB8kjUZ3IzvJB4&m=UyWhYK5e88e6R7OHgQc8KhxVjfNMz5xraFWZY-ce5NLvqB9J-k1AsB8C3J4sUNos&s=_SFkJ4lTnyXFGfod1vGwEm2RPpGYzFTA931RlIZzDBM&e="><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Director
of the Office for Astronomy Outreach</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">, International Astronomical Union (Tokyo, Japan) - email a cover letter
and full CV, including the contact details of at least three references to the IAU OAO Supervising Director, Hidehiko Agata (</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span><a href="mailto:h.agata@nao.ac.jp"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">h.agata@nao.ac.jp</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">)</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top:.25in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto;line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3">
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director of communications and marketing</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">, UC Santa Cruz (Remote)<br>
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<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk89784996"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Welcome to Danielle Roedel from Brookhaven National Laboratory, Chris Handzlik from Argonne National Laboratory, Emily Mousel from National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
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