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    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">Thank you Douglas,<br>
      <br>
      The practical conclusion for us would be then that we do not worry
      about other Cu isotopes, including 63Cu and 65Cu produced along
      with 67Cu, because there will always be much larger source of
      those in the target originally, and during the cycle of separation
      from different sources.  <br>
      <br>
      The dilution then becomes a characteristic to the whole process,
      and the processes should be optimized to achieve maximum SA. Would
      it help to run the non-irradiated target material through the
      separation process first several times to reach the equilibrium
      between Cu removal from the target material, and new Cu
      contamination coming back to the target material at the other
      stages of the process?<br>
      <br>
      Did anyone consider the process of Gallium distillation at 2400C
      (boiling temp of Ga) with Ga evaporating from the mixture, and Cu
      staying (boils at 2562C). <br>
      <br>
      Best regards,<br>
      Pavel<br>
      <br>
      <br>
      On 9/28/2015 6:47 PM, Wells, Douglas P. wrote:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote
      cite="mid:dbfc03875c49462784c7a50681d06a88@SDSMT-ex13.sdsmt.edu"
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        <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">I
            assume by “toxicity” you mean “dilution”?   Because dilution
            of the good-stuff (in this case, 67Cu) is usually the
            limiting factor toward utility.   I should start by saying
            that the answer that I got from City of Hope Hospital
            researchers in California may depend greatly on the kind of
            research one is doing.   For some of their research they
            wanted Specific Activity (SA) of approximately 20 Ci/g,
            while for other tissue-culture research they could live with
            an SA of 1 Ci/g.    These correspond to very roughly 1 67Cu
            atom per 10,000 – 100,000 other Cu atoms.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">That
            sounds like a lot of stable Cu atoms.    Except EVERYTHING
            has Cu in it: your skin, the air, plastics, glassware,
            purified and enriched Ga targets, purified and Zn targets,
            water, everything.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">And
            therein lies the challenge.   For people have known how to
            make 67Cu for a long time, and BNL has invested a
            considerable sum producing it, only to find that the final
            product was inconsistent in purity/SA quality and,
            therefore, unusable for large-scale research trials.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">D<o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
        <div>
          <div style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF
            1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
            <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:windowtext">From:</span></b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:windowtext">
                Isotope-prod [<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:isotope-prod-bounces@jlab.org">mailto:isotope-prod-bounces@jlab.org</a>]
                <b>On Behalf Of </b>Pavel Degtiarenko<br>
                <b>Sent:</b> Monday, September 28, 2015 4:29 PM<br>
                <b>To:</b> <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:isotope-prod@jlab.org">isotope-prod@jlab.org</a><br>
                <b>Subject:</b> Re: [Isotope-prod] Reminder VCU Talk
                Monday 11:30 CC F224-5<o:p></o:p></span></p>
          </div>
        </div>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
        <div>
          <p class="MsoNormal">Dear All, <br>
            <br>
            Could anyone clarify to us the situation with the toxicity
            of Copper: what ratio of (Cu-63 + Cu-65) to Cu-67 atoms in
            the final product is too big, such that the product would
            become unacceptable.<br>
            <br>
            We understand now that by making Cu-67 from Gallium, for
            example, the ratio could be done less than an order of few
            times, or even less than one. In case of Zinc target the
            ratio would be worse because the stable isotopes of Zinc are
            closer in both Z and A to stable Cu-63 and Cu-65 than the
            isotopes of Gallium. I guess this ratio would be enormous if
            Cu-67 is produced in Copper with double neutron captures on
            reactors.<br>
            <br>
            In our conditions, without the initial Copper in the target,
            the ratio should stay rather limited, with the Gallium
            target having some advantage in that respect. Would that be
            good enough? What would be a hard limit on the ratio?<br>
            <br>
            Best regards,<br>
            Pavel<br>
            <br>
            <br>
            <br>
            On 9/28/2015 5:12 PM, Sundaresan Gobalakrishnan wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
        </div>
        <blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
          <p>Actinium-225 and Copper-67 are the first two products that
            we could initially try, due to their high medical relevance
            and in-house availability of related technologies for in
            vivo delivery in living subjects (in mice for now).<o:p></o:p></p>
          <p>Best regards,<br>
            Sundaresan<o:p></o:p></p>
          <div>
            <p class="MsoNormal">On Sep 28, 2015 4:46 PM, "Wells,
              Douglas P." <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                href="mailto:Doug.Wells@sdsmt.edu">
                <Doug.Wells@sdsmt.edu></a> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
            <div>
              <div>
                <p class="MsoNormal">I wonder if, in the meantime -
                  before the phone call is held, VCU can share with us
                  the list of nuclear species that they are interested
                  in?    We (SDSM&T) could look into
                  photo-production of them if we knew what species are
                  on their mind.<br>
                  <br>
                  Thanks---D<br>
                  <br>
                  -----Original Message-----<br>
                  From: Isotope-prod [<a moz-do-not-send="true"
                    href="mailto:isotope-prod-bounces@jlab.org">mailto:isotope-prod-bounces@jlab.org</a>]
                  On Behalf Of Sundaresan Gobalakrishnan<br>
                  Sent: Monday, September 28, 2015 7:38 AM<br>
                  To: George Neil; isotope production<br>
                  Subject: Re: [Isotope-prod] Reminder VCU Talk Monday
                  11:30 CC F224-5<br>
                  <br>
                  Dear George and All,<br>
                  <br>
                  I regret to inform you that due to an emergency in Dr.
                  Zweit's family, he will not be able to come and
                  present his ideas at JLab today.
                  <br>
                  <br>
                  Once he returns to work, he will get in touch with you
                  to reschedule his presentation.<br>
                  <br>
                  Very sorry about any inconvenience this may cause.<br>
                  <br>
                  Best regards,<br>
                  Sundaresan<br>
                  <br>
                  _____________________________________________<br>
                  Sundaresan Gobalakrishnan, PhD<br>
                  Assistant Professor<br>
                  Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology
                  Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA - 23298<br>
                  Phone: 804-628-9165; Fax: 804-628-0223<br>
                  E-mail: <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                    href="mailto:sundaresan.gobalakrishnan@vcuhealth.org">sundaresan.gobalakrishnan@vcuhealth.org</a><br>
                  <br>
                  <br>
                  <br>
                  -----Original Message-----<br>
                  From: Isotope-prod [<a moz-do-not-send="true"
                    href="mailto:isotope-prod-bounces@jlab.org">mailto:isotope-prod-bounces@jlab.org</a>]
                  On Behalf Of George Neil<br>
                  Sent: Friday, September 25, 2015 11:39 AM<br>
                  To: isotope production <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                    href="mailto:isotope-prod@jlab.org"><isotope-prod@jlab.org></a><br>
                  Subject: [Isotope-prod] Reminder VCU Talk Monday 11:30
                  CC F224-5<br>
                  <br>
                  <br>
                  _______________________________________________<br>
                  Isotope-prod mailing list<br>
                  <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                    href="mailto:Isotope-prod@jlab.org">Isotope-prod@jlab.org</a><br>
                  <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                    href="https://mailman.jlab.org/mailman/listinfo/isotope-prod">https://mailman.jlab.org/mailman/listinfo/isotope-prod</a><br>
                  <br>
                  <br>
                  _______________________________________________<br>
                  Isotope-prod mailing list<br>
                  <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                    href="mailto:Isotope-prod@jlab.org">Isotope-prod@jlab.org</a><br>
                  <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                    href="https://mailman.jlab.org/mailman/listinfo/isotope-prod">https://mailman.jlab.org/mailman/listinfo/isotope-prod</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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          <p class="MsoNormal"><br>
            <br>
            <br>
            <o:p></o:p></p>
          <pre>_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></pre>
          <pre>Isotope-prod mailing list<o:p></o:p></pre>
          <pre><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:Isotope-prod@jlab.org">Isotope-prod@jlab.org</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
          <pre><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="https://mailman.jlab.org/mailman/listinfo/isotope-prod">https://mailman.jlab.org/mailman/listinfo/isotope-prod</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
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